Journal of Cancer and Tumor International

Paget’s Disease of the Breast with Underlying Invasive Ductal Carcinoma in a 64-Year-Old Woman: A Case Report

Victor Wagozie — 2026-04-14

Introduction: Paget’s disease of the breast is a rare manifestation of breast carcinoma involving the nipple–areolar complex and accounts for approximately 1–4% of all breast cancers (Chen et al., 2006). It is frequently associated with underlying ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive carcinoma ². Its resemblance to benign dermatologic conditions often leads to delayed diagnosis. The Aim of this article is to highlight diagnostic delay and barriers to care.

Case Presentation: A 64-year-old multiparous, postmenopausal woman presented with a right nipple–areolar ulcer. Histopathology revealed Paget’s disease with an invasive ductal carcinoma component. There was no evidence of distant metastasis at diagnosis. She was subsequently counselled for neoadjuvant chemotherapy and modified radical mastectomy.

Discussion: Paget’s disease is strongly associated with underlying carcinoma, most commonly invasive ductal carcinoma (Sandoval-Leon et al., 2013; Dalberg et al., 2008a). Clinical features often resemble benign dermatologic conditions, leading to diagnostic delay (Dalberg et al., 2008b). Due to the presence of an eczematous lesion, the main differential diagnosis of Paget's disease is nipple eczema, but the unilateral nature, progressive nature and lack of response to corticosteroid therapy make it possible to diagnose the disease. Though like the index case majority of the patients has had to be on prolonged non proper oncological evaluation. Diagnosis is histological, and management depends on the presence and extent of invasive disease. Mastectomy remains an appropriate treatment modality when invasive carcinoma is identified, breast conservation is not an appropriate option because of location of the lesion. Radical treatment (mastectomy) has long been considered the appropriate treatment for Paget's disease of the nipple, due to its frequent association with multifocal or multicentric breast cancer.

Conclusion: Persistent nipple ulceration in elderly women warrants prompt biopsy to exclude malignancy. Early recognition and surgical intervention improve outcomes. Increased awareness is required to improve survival in this oncological condition resembling dermatological pathology.

Successful Management of Dilated Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Ducts in Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreatic Head: A Case Report

A. E. Ben-Chioma — 2026-04-16

More than 90% of cases of pancreatic cancer are adenocarcinomas, making them the most prevalent gastrointestinal cancer disease. This cancer develops in the pancreatic duct lining. Adenocarcinoma may also arise from the cells that produce pancreatic enzymes. The features of adenocarcinoma are abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea, weight loss and jaundice. A rise in enzymes might cause joint discomfort and skin rashes in certain patients. Pancreatic head adenocarcinoma is a major cause of malignant biliary obstruction and frequently manifests as simultaneous intrahepatic and extrahepatic duct dilatation.

A 76-year-old male presented to the hospital with 3-days diarrhoea. Diagnosis showed tumour head of pancreas, leading to hepatobiliary obstruction, manifesting with pruritis, weight loss and loss of appetite. Initial CT scan, CA markers and other biochemical parameters were very abnormal. The patient initially received endoscopic (ERCP) stent placement and later surgery (Whipple’s procedure) to remove the tumour. Histology showed grade 1A adenocarcinoma and 6-cycle of -12 sessions of chemotherapy was done fortnightly with NAB-paclitaxel and gemcitabine-based drugs. During these therapies, the elevated markers gradually reduced with variations in some biochemical parameters. Later CT scan showed no mass or calcification on the pancreas and no biliary dilatation.

Well differentiated adenocarcinoma of the pancreas can be treated when discovered early as poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma is very aggressive. Multidisciplinary individualized treatment is essential and should be utilized.

Harnessing the Hippocratic Fire: The Role and Comprehensive Consolidation of HITHOC in Pleural Malignancy Management

Swarnava Chanda — 2026-03-23

Hyperthermic intrathoracic chemotherapy (HITHOC) has emerged as a significant multimodal therapeutic adjunct for the management of aggressive pleural malignancies, primarily malignant pleural mesothelioma and stage IVA thymoma. By combining surgical cytoreduction with the local administration of heated chemotherapeutic agents, HITHOC aims to eliminate microscopic residual disease while minimizing systemic toxicity. A comprehensive Boolean search was conducted using PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Embase and Scopus to identify relevant studies on the use of HITHOC for pleural malignancies. Findings were summarised regarding HITHOC’s biological rationale, applications, integration with surgery and methodological challenges. While large retrospective analyses suggest meaningful improvements in overall survival and locoregional control, the technique is currently characterized by a high degree of protocol heterogeneity across global centers. This review synthesizes current evidence on the biological rationale, clinical outcomes across various histologies, safety profiles, and the methodological barriers that must be addressed for the formal consolidation of HITHOC into international treatment guidelines.

Immune Editing of Stem Cell Fate: Implications for Cancer Initiation and Therapy Resistance

Dickens Agie — 2026-03-25

Stem cell fate has traditionally been viewed as a product of intrinsic transcriptional programs and epigenetic regulation operating within specialized tissue niches. However, growing evidence suggests that immune-derived signals constitute a powerful and underappreciated force shaping stem cell behavior across both physiological and pathological contexts. In parallel, the concept of cancer immunoediting has revealed how immune pressure selects for tumor cell variants capable of survival, dormancy, and immune evasion. This review integrates these paradigms to propose immune editing of stem cell fate as a unifying framework linking inflammation, cellular plasticity, and malignant evolution. Recent studies demonstrate that immune-derived cytokines, inflammatory mediators, and checkpoint signaling pathways such as IL-6/STAT3, NF-κB, TGF-β/SMAD, and PI3K/AKT signaling actively reprogram stem and progenitor cells, promoting dedifferentiation, quiescence, epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity, and the persistence of stem-like phenotypes. In normal tissues, immune regulation helps balance regeneration and stem cell exhaustion, whereas under chronic inflammatory conditions and within the tumor microenvironment, immune-mediated selective pressures favor the emergence and maintenance of cancer stem cell-like states. This review further discusses how immune checkpoints such as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and CD47 function beyond immune evasion by directly contributing to stemness maintenance and therapy resistance. Advances in single-cell transcriptomics, spatial profiling, and systems-level analyses are increasingly revealing the complex immune-stem cell interactions that shape tumor evolution. Finally, this review examines how chemotherapy and immunotherapy can inadvertently impose immune-selective pressures that enrich resistant stem-like populations, ultimately driving relapse and metastasis. By reframing stem cell fate as an immunologically sculpted and dynamically edited process, this review highlights emerging conceptual and therapeutic opportunities to disrupt immune-stem cell signaling networks and develop more effective strategies for durable cancer control.

A Review on the Protective Effects of Vitamin D\(_3\) and It's Analog against Hepatocellular Carcinoma, in vivo and in vitro

Debasmita Ghosh — 2026-04-03

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has significant gender differences in incidence and prognosis, indicating the sex-specific pathogenic process. Vitamin D₃, aside from its traditional function in calcium homeostasis, has pleiotropic actions with possible anti-cancer effects. This review discusses the therapeutic potential of vitamin D₃ in hepatocellular carcinoma, particularly its gender-dependent functions. Here we discuss the preclinical and clinical research on the differential effects of vitamin D₃ on hepatocellular carcinoma development and subsequent progression in male and female human subjects. Evidence suggests a modulation by the vitamin D₃of sex hormone signalling, inflammatory processes, and immune responses in either gender, which in turn, affects hepatocarcinogenesis. Elucidating the sex-specific actions of vitamin D₃ has the promise of opening up targeted therapeutic approaches to perturb hepatocarcinogenesis. This review underscores the therapeutic potential of vitamin D₃as a gender-sensitive drug in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, that needs to be explored for future clinical applications.

Advances in Imaging Biomarkers for Oncology: A Comprehensive Review of Techniques, Clinical Applications and Future Perspectives

Kasib Zafar — 2026-04-04

Imaging biomarkers are important for modern oncology as it provide quantitative ways to assess tumour functioning, monitoring, progression, and evaluate response to treatment. There are several methods are available for diagnosis of tumour such as CT and MRI based techniques; biopsies are the traditional methods. However, cancer cases are increases and led to more burden on healthcare settings. Tumour imaging biomarkers (IBs) can play an important role in early diagnosis of cancer. IBs analysis includes structural characteristics such as the size of the tumour as well as functional (e.g., diffusion-weighted MRI, perfusion, and dynamic contrast-enhanced) as well as metabolic characteristics based on standardized uptake values from a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan. Radiomics (the creation of large volumes of image data) and artificial intelligence (AI)-based imaging biomarkers will also be discussed as potential sources of data that can be used to predict patient outcomes based on advanced IBs. This narrative review will describe in detail the range of structural, functional, and molecular & metabolic IBs that are being utilized in oncology today. Also, highlight the development of radiomics and artificial intelligence-based IBs. Tumour detection, classification, creating treatment plans, determining the outcome of a treatment, and monitoring for any signs of a tumour returning are just some of the many clinical applications of imaging and metabolic biomarkers. Functional and metabolic imaging can detect therapeutic responses at an earlier point in time than will show on an anatomic image because functional and metabolic imaging captures biological changes before any change occurs in anatomy. The clinical translation of these biomarkers is significantly affected by issues regarding reproducibility, standardization, and multi-centre validation. The integration of IBs into everyday practice is further complicated by variations in imaging processes and analytical techniques. The future of IBs lies in the integration of advanced imaging technologies, computational analytics, and molecular data, which together may enable earlier detection, more accurate prognostication, and personalized cancer therapy.